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CPP Programming

 1. Program for declaring function inside the class, declaring the objects and calling functions


//Simple Program for declaring functions inside the class #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> class TestSimple { int x,y,s; //Three member variables public: void getdata() // function to store values on member variables { cout<<"\nEnter two numbers "; cin>>x>>y; } void sum() { s=x+y; // adding the values ov x and y } void putdata() { cout<<"\nSum of "<<x<<" and "<<y<<" is "<<s; // displaying the values of variables } }; void main() { TestSimple t; //Object declaration t.getdata(); // Function Call t.sum(); t.putdata(); getdata(); }
2. Program for declaring function outside the class

//Simple Program for functions outside the class #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> class TestSimple { int x,y,s; public: void getdata(); //Function Prototype or Function Declaration void sum(); //Function Prototype or Function Declaration
void putdata(); //Function Prototype or Function Declaration }; void TestSimple::getdata() //Function Definition { cout<<"\nEnter two numbers "; cin>>x>>y; } void TestSimple::sum() //Function Definition { s=x+y; } void TestSimple::putdata() //Function Definition { cout<<"\nSum of "<<x<<" and "<<y<<" is "<<s; } void main() { TestSimple t; //Object Declaration t.getdata(); //Calling Function t.sum(); t.putdata(); getch(); }
3. Program to use arguments in Functions
//Program to use arguments in function
#include<iostream.h> 
#include<conio.h> 
class TestArg 
{ 
        int a,b; 
        public: 
        void getdata(int,int); // function with arguments 
        void putdata(); 
}; 
void TestArg::getdata(int x, int y) 
{ 
        a=x; b=y; 
} 
void TestArg::putdata() 
{ 
         cout<<"\nValue of A is "<<a<<endl; 
         cout<<"\nValue of B is "<<b<<endl; 
} 
void main() 
{ 
        TestArg t; 
        t.getdata(3,7); // Calling the function with arguments 
        t.putdata(); 
        getch(); 
}

4. Example for Function Overloading and Polymorphism 

//Example of function overloading and polymorphism
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class test
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"\nCPP Programing";
}
void display(int x)
{
cout<<"\nSingle argument Integer Value X="<<x;
}
void display(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"\nDouble arguments Integer Values A="<<a<<" B="<<b;
}
void display(float x)
{
cout<<"\nFloat Value X= "<<x;
}
};
void main()
{
test t;
t.display(); //calls display function without arguments
t.display(3); //calls display function with one integer argument
t.display(5,6); //calls display function with two int arguments
t.display(2.3f);//calls display function with float argument
getch();
}

5. Overloading Area function that calculates area of different shapes.

#include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class TArea { public: void area(float); void area(int); void area(int,int); float area(float,float); }; void TArea::area(float r) { float a; a=3.14*r*r; cout<<"\nArea of circle is "<<a; } void TArea::area(int s) { cout<<"\nArea of square is "<<s*s; } void TArea::area(int h, int w) { cout<<"\nArea of rectangle is"<<h*w; } float TArea::area(float b,float h) { return (0.5*b*h); } void main() { TArea t; float a; t.area(2.4f); t.area(5); t.area(5,6); a=t.area(3.4f,5.5f); cout<<"\nArea of Tiangle "<<a; getch(); }

6. Example for using default constructor

// program for default constructor #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class test { private: int n; public: test() { n=5; } void square(); }; void test::square() { cout<<"Square "<<n*n; } void main() { test t; t.square(); getch(); }

7. Example for using constructor with arguments

// program for constructor with arguments #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class test { private: int n; public: test(int a)// constructor { n=a; } void cube(); }; void test::cube() { cout<<"\nCube "<<n*n*n; } void main() { test t(4); //constructor call test t1(5); //constructor call t.cube(); //function call t1.cube(); //function call getch(); }

8. Example for passing Object as argument to a function, Constructors are not used

//passing object as argument to function without using constructor #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class test { private: int n; public: void getdata(int x); void sum(test ob); //object passed as argument-test ob; void display(); }; void test::getdata(int x) { n=x; } void test::sum(test ob) { n=n+ob.n; //n belongs to the calling object (t2) //ob.n belongs to the object passed as argument (t1) } void test::display() { cout<<"\n Value of n "<<n; } void main() { test t1,t2; t1.getdata(4); t1.display(); t2.getdata(5); t2.display(); t2.sum(t1); //t2 object calls sum t2.display(); getch(); }

9. Example for passing Object as argument to a function, Constructors are used

//passing object as argument - using constructors
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class test
{
private:
int x ;
public:
test(int n) //constructor to initalize objects
{
x=n;
}
void mul(test o) //object as argument (o=t1)
{
x=x*o.x;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"\n X ="<<x;
}
};
void main()
{
test t1(5);
test t2(6);
t1.display();
t2.display();
t2.mul(t1);   //t1 passed as argument
t2.display();
getch();
}

10. Example of Copy Constructor and overloading constructor

/* Example of copy constructor and constructor overloading because this
program has multiple constructors*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class test
{
int x;
public:
test();     //default constructor
test(int n);    //constructor with arguments
test(test &t); //copy constructor
void display(); //function to display values
};
test::test()
{
x=0;
}
test::test(int n)
{
x=n;
}
test::test(test &t)
{
x=t.x;
}
void test:: display()
{
cout<<"\n Value of x "<<x;
}
void main()
{
test t; //calling default constructor
test t1(4); //calling constructor with arg
t=t1; //call to copy constructor-equal to test t(t1)
t1.display();
t.display();
//test t2(t1); this statement also call copy constructor
//t2.display();
getch();
}


11. Program to define a Destructor and Dynamic Memory Allocation in constructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
class TestStr
{
char *s;
int size;
public:
TestStr(char *);
~TestStr();
void dispString();
}
TestStr::TestStr(char *st) //constructor is defined
{
cout<<"\nConstructor is callled\n";
size=strlen(st);
s=new char(size+1);  //dynamic memory allocation
strcpy(s,st);
}
TestStr::~TestStr() //destructor is defined here
{
cout<<"\nDestructor is called\n";
delete s;
}
void TestStr::dispString()
{
cout<<"\nString : "<<s;
}
void main()
{
TestStr s1("CPP");
s1.dispString();
{
TestStr s2("Java");
s2.dispString();
}
getch();
}

12. Program to describe the use of Static variable

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class TestS
{
static int count;
public:
void increment();
void display();
};
int TestS::count;
void TestS::increment()
{
count++;
}
void TestS::display()
{
cout<<"\nCount : "<<count;
}
void main()
{
TestS t1,t2,t3;
clrscr();
t1.increment();
t1.display();
t2.increment();
t2.display();
t3.increment();
t3.display();
       getch();
}

13. Program to describe the use of Static function

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class TestS
{
static int count;
public:
void increment();
static void display();
};
int TestS::count;
void TestS::increment()
{
count++;
}
void TestS::display()
{
cout<<"\nCount : "<<count;
}
void main()
{
TestS t1,t2,t3;
clrscr();
t1.increment();
t1.display();
t2.increment();
t2.display();
t3.increment();
t3.display();
       getch();
}

14. Example for Friend Function

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class TestF
{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int a)
{
x=a;
}
friend void square(TestF s);
};
void square(TestF s) //Friend Function
{
cout<<"\tSquare is - "<<s.x*s.x;
}
void main()
{
* TestF f;
f.getdata(5);
square(f);  //calling friend function, no need of arguments
getch();
}

15. Program to overload Unary (-) Operator


//Overloading unary operator
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class TestOp
{
int x,y;
public:
void getdata(int,int);
void operator-();
void putdata();
};
void TestOp::getdata(int a,int b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
}
void TestOp::operator-() //Unary operator Overloading
{
x=-x;            //Negating the values
y=-y;
}
void TestOp::putdata()
{
cout<<"\nValue of X "<<x;
cout<<"\nValue of Y "<<y;
}
void main()
{
TestOp t;
t.getdata(-5,6);
t.putdata();
-t;
t.putdata();
getch();       
}

16. Program to Overload Binary (+) Operator-Constructors are used

//Overloading Binary operator-constructor is used
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class TestOp
{
int x;
public:
TestOp();
TestOp(int);
TestOp operator+(TestOp);
void putdata();
};
TestOp::TestOp()
{
}
TestOp::TestOp(int a)
{
x=a;
}
TestOp TestOp::operator+(TestOp t)
{
TestOp r;
r.x=x+t.x;
return r;
}
void TestOp::putdata()
{
cout<<"\nValue of X "<<x;
}
void main()
{
TestOp t1(4);
TestOp t2(5);
TestOp t3;
clrscr();
t3=t1+t2;            //calling operator overloading function
t3=t1.operator+(t2); //t1 calls operator overloading function and
t1.putdata();        //t2 is treated as an argument to the function
t2.putdata();        //t3=t1-t2 is similar to t3=t1.operator-(t2)
t3.putdata();
getch();
}

17. Program to overload Binary (-) Operator-

//Overloading Binary operator-constructor is not used #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class TestOp { int x; public: void getdata (int); TestOp operator-(TestOp); void putdata(); }; void TestOp::getdata(int a) { x=a; } TestOp TestOp::operator-(TestOp t) //overloading Binary Operator { TestOp r; r.x=x-t.x; return r; } void TestOp::putdata() { cout<<"\nValue of X "<<x; } void main() { TestOp t1; TestOp t2; TestOp t3; clrscr(); t1.getdata(8); t2.getdata(7); t3=t1-t2; //calling operator overloading function //t3=t1.operator-(t2); //t1 calls operator overloading function and t1.putdata(); //t2 is treated as an argument to the function t2.putdata(); //t3=t1-t2 is similar to t3=t1.operator-(t2) t3.putdata(); getch(); }

18. Program to overload Unary Operator using Friend function

//Overloading Unary operator using Friend Function
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class testF
{
int x,y;
public:
void getdata(int a,int b);
void friend operator++(testF &t); //declaring friend function for operator 
void putdata();                   //overloading
};
void testF::getdata(int a,int b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
}
void operator++(testF &t)//overloading ++ unary operator
{
t.x++;
t.y++;
}
void testF::putdata()
{
cout<<"\nX = "<<x;
cout<<"\nY = "<<y;
}
void main()
{
testF f;
clrscr();
f.getdata(2,6);
f.putdata();
++f; //Call to overloded operator
f.putdata();
getch();
}

19. Program to overload Binary operator using Friend function

//Overloading Binary operator using Friend Function
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class testF
{
int x,y;
public:
void getdata(int a,int b);
testF friend operator*(testF &t1,testF &t2); //declaring friend function for 
void putdata();                              //operator overloading
};
void testF::getdata(int a,int b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
}
testF operator*(testF &t1,testF &t2)//overloading * binary operator
{
testF r;
r.x=t1.x*t2.x;
r.y=t1.y*t2.y;
return r;
}
void testF::putdata()
{
cout<<"\nX = "<<x;
cout<<"\nY = "<<y;
}
void main()
{
testF f1,f2,f3;
clrscr();
f1.getdata(3,7);
f2.getdata(2,6);
f1.putdata();
f2.putdata();
f3=f1*f2; //Call to overloded operator
f3.putdata();
getch();
}

20. Program for Single inheritance

//Single Inheritance #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> class Arithmatic { public: int square(int n) { return n*n; } int mul(int x,int y) { return x*y; } }; class test:public Arithmetic //inheriting class Arithmetic to class test { int x,y; public: test() { x=4; y=5; } void display() { cout<<"\nAnswer is"<<square(x)+square(y)+mul(2,mul(x,y)); //call to base (Arithmetic) class functions } }; void main() { test t; t.display(); cout<<"\nSquare is "<<t.square(5); //calling base class function getch(); //using derived class object }

21. Example of Multiple Inheritance

//Multiple Inheritance #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class BaseA { public: int square(int x) { return x*x; } }; class BaseB { public: int mul(int x,int y) { return x*y; } }; class test:public BaseA,private BaseB //public inheritance for BaseA and Private for BaseB { //also try both as public int x,y; public: test(int a,int b) { x=a; y=b; } void display() { cout<<"\nResult is "<<square(x)+square(y)+mul(2,mul(x,y)); } }; void main() { test t(5,8); clrscr(); t.display(); //cout<<"\nMultiplication "<<t.mul(5,6);//can't be accessed because of private inheritane cout<<"\nSquare "<<t.square(5); getch(); }

22. Example of Multilevel Inheritance

//Multilevel Inheritance #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class BaseA { public: int square(int x) { return x*x; } }; class BaseB:public BaseA { public: int mul(int x,int y) { return x*y; } }; class test:public BaseB //Multilevel inheritance { int x, y; public: test(int a,int b) { x=a; y=b; } void display() { cout<<"\nResult is "<<square(x)+square(y)+mul(2,mul(x,y)); } }; void main() { test t(5,8); clrscr(); t.display(); cout<<"\nMultiplication "<<t.mul(5,6);//Base class function is called using derived class object cout<<"\nSquare "<<t.square(5); getch(); }
23. Example of Hierarchical Inheritance

//Hierarchical Inheritance #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> class Base { public: int square(int); int mul(int,int); }; int Base::square(int a) { return a*a; } int Base::mul(int a,int b) { return a*b; } class TestA:public Base { public: void show(int,int); }; void TestA::show(int a,int b) { cout<<"\nResult 1 "<<square(a)+square(b)+mul(2,mul(a,b)); } class TestB:public Base { public: void display(int a,int b); }; void TestB::display(int a,int b) { cout<<"\nResult 2 "<<square(a)+square(b)+mul(2,mul(a,b)); } void main() { TestA A; A.show(3,5); TestB B; B.display(2,5); getch(); } 

24. Program to declare a constant member function.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class TestC
{
int a;
public:
TestC();
void show() const;
};
TestC::TestC()
{
a=5;
}
void TestC::show() const
{
      //a=10; //This statement will show error because function cannot
cout<<"\nA = "<<a;    //alter the data.
}
void main()
{
TestC t;
t.show();
getch();
}

23. Program to give the example of a friend function common for multiple classes.

#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class TestB;
class TestA
{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int a)
{
x=a;
}
friend void compare(TestA,TestB);
};
class TestB
{
int y;
public:
void getdata(int a)
{
y=a;
}
friend void compare(TestA,TestB);
};
void compare(TestA a,TestB b)
{
if(a.x>b.y)
{
cout<<"\nGreater "<<a.x;
}
else
{
cout<<"\nGreater "<<b.y;
}
}
void main()
{
TestA A;
TestB B;
A.getdata(5);
B.getdata(6);
compare(A,B);
getch();
}



24. Program to demonstrate the use pointer of object.

#include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class test { int x; public: void getdata(int n) { s=n; } void putdata() { cout<<"\nS = "<<s; } }; void main() { test t,*p; clrscr(); t.getdata(4); p=&t; p->putdata(); p->getdata(8); p->putdata(); getch(); }

24. program to demonstrate the use of pointer to object.

#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class test
{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int n)
{
s=n;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"\nS = "<<s;
}
};
void main()
{
          test t,*p;
          clrscr();
          t.getdata(4);
          p=&t;
          p->putdata();
          p->getdata(8);
          p->putdata();
          getch();
}

25. A simple example of this pointer.

#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class test
{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int x)
{
this->x=x;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"\nS = "<<x;
}
};
void main()
{
test t;
clrscr();
t.getdata(4);
t.putdata();
getch();
}

25. An example of pure virtual function

#include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class Base { public: void virtual display()=0; }; class Derived:public Base { public: void display() { cout<<"\nDerived Class Display Function"; } }; void main() { Base *B; //Base b;//can not be used Derived d; B=&d; B->display(); getch(); }

25. Another Example of this pointer.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class test
{
int x;
public:
void getdata(int n)
{
x=n;
}
test compare(test t)
{
if(t.x > x)
return t;
else
return *this;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"\nX = "<<x;
}
};
void main()
{
test t,t1,t2;
t.getdata(8);
t1.getdata(6);
t2=t.compare(t1);
t2.display();
     getch();
}

26. Base class Pointer example 


#include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class Base { public: void show() { cout<<"\nBase Class Function"; } }; class Derived: public Base { public: void show() { cout<<"\nDerived Class Function"; } }; void main() { Base *B; Base b; Derived *D; Derived d; clrscr(); cout<<"\nBase Class Pointer Base Calss Object"; B=&b; B->show(); cout<<"\nBase Class Pointer Derived Calss Object"; B=&b; B->show(); cout<<"\nDerived Class Pointer Base Calss Object"; D=&d; D->show(); cout<<"\nCalling Derived class function using Base Class Pointer"; ((Derived*)B)->show(); cout<<"\nCalling Base class function using Derived Class Pointer"; ((Base *)D)->show(); getch(); }

27. An example of Virtual Function.

#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
class Base
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"\nBase Class Show Funcion";
}
void virtual display()
{
cout<<"\nBase Class Display Function";
}
};
class Derived:public Base
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"\nDerived Class Show Function";
}
void display()
{
cout<<"\nDerived Class Display Function";
}
};
void main()
{
Base *B;
Base  b;
Derived d;
B=&b;
B->show();
B->display();
B=&d;
B->show();
B->display();
getch();
}

https://filehippo.com/download_dev-c/ -- Download Dev IDE for CPP

28. A Simple Example of Exception Handling

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
   int age = 15; 
  
   cout << "Before try \n"; 
   try
{ 
      cout << "Inside try \n"; 
      if (age < 18) 
      { 
         throw age; 
         cout << "After throw - the code never executed) \n"; 
      } 
   } 
   catch (int age )
{ 
      cout << "Exception Caught \n"; 
      cout <<"You are a Minor\n";
   } 
  
   cout << "After catch  the code will be executed) \n"; 
   return 0; 
} 

29. Multiple catch blocks.

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
   int age = 25;   
   try 
   { 
      if (age > 18) 
      { 
         throw age; 
      } 
      else
      {
      throw 'm';
     }
   } 
   catch (int age ) 
   { 
       cout <<"You are "<<age<<" old and You are eligible";
   } 
   catch (char c)
   {
  cout<<"You are a Minor and You are not eligible" ;
   }
    return 0; 
} 

30. Re-throwing Exception

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Texcep
{
public:
void divide(double x,double y)
{
try
{
if(y==0.0)
{
throw y;
}
else
{
cout <<"\nDivision = "<<x/y<<"\n";
}
}
catch(double)
{
cout<<"\nDivisior cannot be zero";
throw;   //Throwing same exception again
}

}
};
int main()
{
Texcep t;
try
{
  t.divide(5,0.0) ;
  }
  catch(double) //catching the re-thrown exception
  {
  cout<<"\nRethrow - Exception Caught Again";
     }
return 0;
}

31. File Handling using constructors

#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class File
{
char wdata[40],rdata[40];
public:
void write()
{
ofstream outf("data.txt");
cout<<"Enter a String withouut space : ";
cin>>wdata;
outf<<wdata<<"\n";
cout<<"Data has been Stored";
}
void read()
{ 
ifstream inf("data.txt");
inf>>rdata;
cout<<"\n\n"<<rdata;
cout<<"\nSuccessfully Read";
}
};
void main()
{
File f;
f.write();
getch();
f.read();
getch();
}

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Information Gathering Tool (System Analysis and Design)

  Information gathering tools... Introduction Information Gathering is a very key part of the feasibility analysis process. Information gathering is both an art and a science. It is a science because it requires a proper methodology and tools in order to be effective. It is an art too, because it requires a sort of mental dexterity to achieve the best results. In this article we will explore the various tools available for it, and which tool would be best used depending on the situation. Information Gathering Tools There is no standard procedures defined when it comes to the gathering of information. However, an important rule that must be followed is the following: information must be acquired accurately and methodically, under the right conditions and with minimum interruption to the individual from whom the information is sought. 1. Review of Procedural Forms These are a very good starting point for gathering information. Procedural manuals can give a good picture of the system ...
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